Family law in Nova Scotia applies a distinct difference between common law relationships and marriage. While some provinces may allow common law, or cohabitation, to take on the rights and responsibilities of marriage after a certain period of time, this is not the case in Nova Scotia.
A common law relationship is simply the act of living together in a marriage-like relationship without actually being legally married. It does not require any kind of legal process to create a common law union. The definition of common law partnership also differs depending on the laws applied. For example, the Canada Pension Plan states that two people are in a common law relationship after a year of cohabitation. The Parenting and Support Act, on the other hand, requires two years of cohabitation before a relationship can be described as common law.
As family lawyers in 2024, we know that the composition of a household can take many different forms. When it comes to child custody and biological parents, things can get complex.
In Canada, the legislation governing a divorce is the Divorce Act, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp). This legislation has remained in place, without any significant amendments, since 1985. However, our team of family lawyers in Nova Scotia are excited to report that new amendments have now been made to this piece of legislation, which have taken effect as of March 1, 2021. These will have a significant impact on how the Courts, and counsel, handle your divorce moving forward.
One of the changes made to the Divorce Act is actually the language contained within it. The changes move away from the language of custody, and instead, replaces it with more plain language terminology like “parenting time” and “decision-making responsibility.” Orders under the Divorce Act moving forward will now use these terms.
The amendments to the Divorce Act have also included a definition of family violence, and a requirement that the Court consider the impact of family violence in determining the best interests of the child. This is very important as it formally recognizes the impact of family violence. Previously, the Divorce Act was silent on this issue.
Perhaps one of the most noteworthy amendments to the Divorce Act is the new focus on the best interests of the children analysis. Previously, the Divorce Act simply stated that in making an order for custody or parenting, the Court was to consider what was in the best interests of the children. Little guidance was given on how to make this analysis, leaving each province to develop their own case law as to how this would be addressed. With the new amendments, several non-exhaustive factors have been listed under s. 16 (3) of the Divorce Act for consideration by the Court in making this determination. These factors are as follows:
16 (3) In determining the best interests of the child, the court shall consider all factors related to the circumstances of the child, including
(a) the child’s needs, given the child’s age and stage of development, such as the child’s need for stability;
(b) the nature and strength of the child’s relationship with each spouse, each of the child’s siblings and grandparents and any other person who plays an important role in the child’s life;
(c) each spouse’s willingness to support the development and maintenance of the child’s relationship with the other spouse;
(d) the history of care of the child;
(e) the child’s views and preferences, giving due weight to the child’s age and maturity, unless they cannot be ascertained;
(f) the child’s cultural, linguistic, religious and spiritual upbringing and heritage, including Indigenous upbringing and heritage;
(g) any plans for the child’s care;
(h) the ability and willingness of each person in respect of whom the order would apply to care for and meet the needs of the child;
(i) the ability and willingness of each person in respect of whom the order would apply to communicate and cooperate, in particular with one another, on matters affecting the child;
(j) any family violence and its impact on, among other things,
i. the ability and willingness of any person who engaged in the family violence to care for and meet the needs of the child, and
ii. the appropriateness of making an order that would require persons in respect of whom the order would apply to cooperate on issues affecting the child; and
(k) any civil or criminal proceeding, order, condition, or measure that is relevant to the safety, security and well-being of the child.
The amendments to the Divorce Act also include new provisions giving the Court guidance and a framework for addressing the issue of relocation. Previously, the Divorce Act remained silent on this issue and as such, the Courts developed case law to address it. Now, there are legislative burdens of proof, mandatory notice provisions, and added best interest factors specific to relocation cases. It is hoped that these provisions will help provide guidance and clarity to an otherwise grey area of the law.
The changes to the Divorce Act apply prospectively, but in some cases, can apply retroactively. Amendments have also been made that are not canvassed in this blog. If you have a matter before the Courts under the Divorce Act, or are thinking about starting an application under the Divorce Act, the family lawyers here at Lenehan Musgrave can help you navigate these changes effectively. Contact us for a consultation today.
When two people enter a relationship, whether married or common law, they often find their lives financially intertwined. As family lawyers, we know that this can take many different forms. Both may choose to continue working, creating a dual income household. Other times, one person’s career will take a “back seat” to the other’s, allowing one to succeed and grow in their chosen field. In some circumstances, one person may remain at home to care for the children or household, foregoing a career and/or employment entirely.
The manner in which couples choose to structure their relationship, household, and careers can be problematic upon separation and may have serious financial consequences for one, or both, of the parties. In these circumstances, spousal support may be appropriate. Spousal support claims are one of many family law services that we help our clients with.
Spousal support is a payment made by one party to the other following separation. It is also sometimes referred to as “alimony”. Married couples are able to apply for spousal support under the Divorce Act, and common law couples are able to apply for spousal support under the Parenting and Support Act. Spousal support differs from child support, as its purpose is not for the benefit of the child. Rather, spousal support is awarded for the benefit of the spouse and can be awarded in circumstances where there are no children of the marriage.
When looking at a spousal support claim, a party must establish entitlement to spousal support. There are three primary categories under which a person can claim spousal support. Compensatory claims are aimed at exactly that – compensation for the roles adopted during the relationship which have resulted in an economic disadvantage to one party. Non-compensatory claims are claims involving financial “need.” And the final basis on which a person can claim an entitlement to spousal support is a “contractual basis”, involving an agreement or contract between parties.
Spousal support can be a complex issue to navigate and is often very fact specific. If you have questions about whether you are entitled to spousal support, or if you may be held responsible to pay spousal support, please contact one of our family law lawyers to schedule a consultation.
As family lawyers in 2024, we know that the composition of a household can take many different forms. When it comes to child custody and biological parents, things can get complex.
As lawyers who often get asked for consultations and to prepare legal documentation, clients often ask us about litigation cost awards in court cases. When a matter is taken to trial, the parties are asking a judge to make a determination of the issues on their behalf.
In many family law cases where there are children, a major objective is developing a parenting plan that meets the needs of the children.
